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Commemorative plaque at corner of Strand Street and 22nd Street in Galveston, Texas honoring June 19, 1865, when Union troops arrived in Galveston, Texas with the news that the more than 250,000 enslaved Black people in the state were free. Wikimedia Commons, William C Teller. Happy first month of that legendary season many Seattleites endure overcast skies all year waiting for: Seattle summer! Seattle seems to spring to life in June; it is a season of neighborhood block parties, pride celebrations, and jumping into the still a bit chilly lakes. Though next month marks the much anticipated 250th anniversary of the nation, another crucial historical holiday (itself considered a sort of independence day) falls on June 19th, aptly known as Juneteenth. In the midst of the Civil War on January 1, 1863, president Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, however, word of the Proclamation didn’t reach many slaves until much later. It wasn’t until June 19, 1865, two months after the Civil War ended, that slaves in Texas learned that they were free. On that day in Galveston, Texas, General Granger of the Union Army read General Order #3, announcing that “all slaves are free.” The crowd of ex-slaves immediately began “leaping, swaying, and whirling in unrehearsed glee.” People sang, laughed, cried, and jumped up and down with joy. In Texas, former slaves and their descendants continued to celebrate the anniversary of their freedom every year on June 19th, earning the holiday the name “Juneteenth.” Though the holiday began in Texas, African Americans migrating to other parts of the country took the holiday with them, with the first documented Juneteenth celebration in Seattle taking place in 1890. In our Food Stories cookbook, Dora Abney shared her relationship to Juneteenth from her childhood in Texas to her adult life after moving to Seattle in the early 1960s, recounting: “What I can remember about Juneteenth in Texas is mostly my dad; my dad died when I was about eleven. We used to celebrate it every summer, and to me it was a joyful thing. It was hot. I just remember how my dad used to say, you know, ‘Juneteenth, that’s a big thing for us,’ and by being born in the South, I kinda understood what he was saying. [I saw] what was going on, but didn’t really understand why…When we came to Washington State it kind of faded out of the family, people didn’t celebrate it…Then about four years ago, when I started at the daycare center, I brought it up again. I said, “We need to celebrate Juneteenth. The kids don’t know what it’s about.” So in 2000 we had a Juneteenth celebration at Twinks [Early Childhood Education Center and Preschool in Columbia City], where we blocked off the street, we sold barbecue, and the kids played, and it was exciting. I says “Juneteenth,” and then to me, everybody blossomed. And all of a sudden everybody did know about it. You know, you don’t hear about it and then all of a sudden, “Yeah, I heard about that, what is it about?” So we started digging up information so we could put it out, so people understand what it is.” Dora Abney sadly passed away in 2015, but one hopes she would feel joy at the coining of Juneteenth as a federal holiday in 2021 and the ways more and more organizations in Seattle have begun hosting Juneteenth celebrations that foster joy, education, reflection, and community building, with King County itself sponsoring the Northwest African American Museum’s annual Juneteenth event. To celebrate Juneteenth, Abney shared a recipe for red velvet cake, noting that red foods were a Juneteenth tradition because “red represented the blood that was shed during slavery. [We had red pop], red velvet cake, ice cream. Watermelon. And chicken barbecue, barbecued ribs. The blood was really flowing!” This Juneteenth, use the federal holiday to engage in both celebration and intentional self-education, and perhaps even spend an hour or two making Abney’s delicious red velvet cake. If you’re interested in hearing more from Abney, check out this oral interview with her where she discusses her relationship to Juneteenth in more depth: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bPIaMzcbUZ8. Red Velvet Cake Dora Abney For the cake: ½ cup shortening 1½ cups sugar 2 eggs 1 tsp. vanilla 1 tsp. butter flavoring 1½ oz. bottle of red color 3 Tbsp. cocoa 2½ cups sifted cake flour 1 cup buttermilk 1 tsp. salt 1 Tbsp. vinegar 1 tsp. baking soda Cream together the shortening and sugar. Beat in eggs, vanilla, and butter flavor. Make a paste of cocoa and food coloring and add it to the first mixture of shortening and sugar. Alternately add sifted flour and buttermilk. Mix baking soda and vinegar in a small bowl; add to batter. Bake in three 9” or 10” pans for 20-25 minutes at 350° . Let cool completely before frosting. For the frosting: 6 oz. cream cheese, softened 6 Tbsp. butter, softened 1 tsp. vanilla 2 cups sifted powdered sugar Blend all ingredients until smooth.

Princess Angeline/Kikisoblu, daughter of Chief Seattle/Seeathl, pictured here in a rare photograph tending to clothing. It is said she was born around 1820 near today’s Pritchard Island in Rainier Beach along Lake Washington. RVHS Photograph August means many different things to Seattlites — some may find the dusk of summer bittersweet, some may celebrate the traffic-stopping spectacle of Seafair, while still others may celebrate one of the many independence days that fall in the American holiday lull of August. One thing we can probably all agree on, however, is the wonderful explosion of berries across the city. These berries have been sustaining and bringing joy to residents of the Seattle area for hundreds of years, so this month, we’re highlighting a Duwamish recipe for Blackberry dumplings to explore how the Xacua’bs (pronounced hah-chu-ABSH), a band of the Duwamish tribe who lived on the shores along Lake Washington, have and continue to use the rich natural resources of the Rainier Valley. A band of the Duwamish tribe whose name aptly means “Lake People,” historians estimate that the Southern Xacua’bs people, who lived in the area we now call Rainier Valley, numbered three to four hundred at any given time. There were groups of longhouses at the outlet of Lake Washington (where the Renton Airport is today) and at Bryn Mawr, Brighton Beach, Pritchard Island, and Leschi Park. Similar to the practices of many Native Americans on the Northwest Coast, the Xacua’bs wintered in small villages and spent the warmer months moving around the area in their canoes, staying at temporary camps as they gathered and preserved food for the winter. Fish from the lake was a primary source of food—sockeye salmon and longfin smelt, as well as peamouth, whitefish, and suckers—which they caught with weirs, spears, and dip nets along the streams feeding the lake. The Xacua’bs diet was quite diverse, with their sources of food including crayfish, freshwater mussels, duck, geese (if you commute down the Boulevard often, you’ll know the amount of geese we have!), deer, elk, bear, beaver, muskrat, raccoon, weasel, otter, and, of course, plants. The most abundant of these plants were berries, for Seward Park alone boasts thimbleberries, salal, currants, black caps, salmonberries, huckleberries, blackberries, strawberries, serviceberries, and others. As Seattle residents today might be able to guess, of the plant foods gathered by the “Lake People,” blackberries are by far the most persistent these days. The Xacua’bs historically enjoyed Seattle’s smaller, sweeter native blackberries known as trailing blackberry (rubus ursinus) until Californian experimental farmer Luther Burbank began selling the invasive Himalayan blackberry to the Puget Sound in the late 19th century. Since then, the Himalayan blackberry has taken over the city, which comes both with serious issues and an extremely abundant source of blackberries for people to pick on a hot August day. Whether you make Mary Lou Slaughter’s blackberry dumpling recipe below (originally sourced from the wonderful Native American Delicacies: the Duwamish Cookbook) with native or Himalayan blackberries this August, we encourage you to enjoy your dumplings while thinking deeply about the historic and continued Indigenous presence in Rainier Valley. Since August also includes Washington’s annual Museum Day on Saturday, August 8th, consider checking out a local museum exhibit to engage with the city and state’s history, whether it is attending one of RVHS’s office hours, visiting one of the many tribal cultural centers across the state, or checking out the rich Indigenous artwork featured across our city’s many art museums! Blackberry Dumplings Mary Lou Slaughter, from Native American Delicacies: the Duwamish Cookbook Sauce: 3 pints ripe blackberries ¾ cup water 1 cup sugar 1½ Tbsp. butter Combine ingredients in a pan and set aside while fixing dumplings. Dumplings: 2 cups flour 3 Tbsp. sugar 3 ½ tsp. baking powder 1 tsp. salt 1 egg milk Sift flour, sugar, salt, and baking powder in a mixing bowl. Add egg, mix well. Add enough milk to make a stiff batter. Put sauce on the stove and bring to boil. Drop dumpling batter, a spoonful at a time, into the boiling mixture. Cover and simmer for 15-20 minutes. Serve with cream, ice cream, or whipped cream. Rachel Perry, photograph of blackberry dumplings, Bushel and Berry, March 8, 2024.

by Dave Eskenazi and Steve Rudman Forward added by Dave Eskenazi for RVHS 2026 Spring Newsletter: In March of 2026, the Seattle Mariners announced that the team will wear Seattle Steelheads throwback uniforms every Sunday home game of the 2026 season. This marks the first time a major league team wears Negro League-themed uniforms on a weekly basis, and continues the tradition that the Mariners established in the mid 1990s of honoring Black baseball history in the Pacific Northwest. In conjunction with this powerful recognition of an under-told story, the Mariners have established the Steelhead Community Fund with a $500,000 initial commitment to Black-led baseball and softball programs. This ongoing program promises to have a tremendous community impact for years to come. Black baseball history in the Rainier Valley goes far beyond the Seattle Steelheads all too brief tenure, which includes a handful of home games at Sicks’ Stadium. Seattle’s Black baseball teams from the turn of the 20th century through the early 1960s, highlighted in Lyle Wilson’s classic 1997 book Sunday Afternoons at Garfield Park, include the Seattle Gophers, Keystone Giants, Queen City All Stars, Seattle Royal Giants and Carver Athletic Club, amongst others. The athletes and business and community leaders that comprised these teams are woven into the Rainier Valley's social, athletic and cultural history. Aside from these teams, the history of Black baseball teams "barnstorming" through the Rainier Valley goes back over 100 years. Legendary Negro National League founder Rube Foster and his Chicago American Giants toured the Pacific Northwest from 1913 to 1916 and played games at Dugdale Park, which preceded Sicks’ Stadium at the same site on Rainier and McLellan. The Satchell Paige All Stars faced the Bob Feller All Stars at Sicks' Stadium in September 1946, one of Paige’s many baseball trips to Seattle. This game occurred mere months before Jackie Robinson's world-changing debut with the Brooklyn Dodgers in April of 1947. These are but a few examples of this history of baseball and community that will be further recognized and promulgated this season and beyond as we all celebrate the Steelheads legacy at T Mobile Park. Seattle Mariners are wearing 1946 Seattle Steelheads Negro League uniforms for every Sunday home game during the 2026 season. (Photo MLB.com) This photo, taken during spring training in 1949, shows Harlem Globetrotters infielder George “Sonny” Smith sliding into catcher/manager Paul Hardy, who performed the same duties for the 1946 Seattle Steelheads. The Steelheads, who played as the Globetrotters prior to relocating to Seattle for two months, became the Globetrotters again after leaving Seattle. / David Eskenazi Collection Seattle has been represented by many franchises in a variety of sports, none as short-lived as the Seattle Steelheads of the West Coast Negro Baseball League. The Steelheads, who played most of their home games at Sicks’ Stadium, came and went in a two-month span (June-July) of 1946, their arrival greeted by one paragraph in The Seattle Times, their departure summed up in a single sentence with no headline in the same newspaper. Based on attendance figures, baseball fans of the day took to the Steelheads. More than 2,500 watched the Steelheads make their Sicks’ Stadium debut June 2 against the San Diego Tigers, and 1,500 on average attended each of what few home games remained. According to available intelligence, of which there is little, the Steelheads turned a modest profit during their two-month residency, but vamoosed, never to return, when they discovered they could make a greater profit barnstorming through Midwest ballparks. The West Coast Negro Baseball League formed Oct. 18-20, 1945 at an Elks Club in Oakland, with the backing of an organization called the “High Marine Social Club.” Harlem Globetrotters basketball owner Abe Saperstein and track and field legend Jesse Owens were co-founders with Saperstein also serving as league president and Owens as vice-president. Owens also owned the Portland franchise, the “Rosebuds” or “Roses.” The key figure in the league’s formation was a man named Eddie Harris, a High Marine Social Club member and former Negro minor league player with the California Eagles who solicited the bulk of financing. He ultimately became business manager of the Oakland Larks, and helped recruit the remainder of the league’s owners, including Harold “Yellowhorse” Morris, a former star player for the Kansas City Monarchs, of the San Francisco Sea Lions, Carlisle Perry of the Los Angeles White Sox and Roy Parker of the San Diego Tigers. Surviving documents from the league’s organizational meetings show that the Steelheads were owned by Claude Norris, once a Seattle police officer, but according to Leslie A. Heaphy, who wrote “The Negro Leagues: 1869-1960,” the “Steelies” were actually owned by Saperstein. Why Saperstein elected to hide his ownership is a mystery. “All the owners expected financial success because of the growing African-American population in the West,” Heaphy wrote in his history of the league. “They founded the league not as competition to the white leagues, but to provide an opportunity for blacks in the West to be able to play baseball for money.” All of the owners believed they had a winner. Saperstein was considered one of the shrewdest sports owners/executives in the country and Owens, charged with promoting the league, was still huge draw a decade after his Olympic exploits in Berlin. Also, Negro League Baseball had a good financial track record in the eastern and southern parts of the country, and Saperstein especially believed the West Coast would take to it. Prior to playing for the Steelheads, Ulysses Redd played for the Birmingham Black Barons. Later in life he drove the team bus for the Harlem Globetrotters basketball squad. / David Eskenazi Collection On June 4, 1946, the Portland Oregonian, reported, “Jesse Owens himself, the famous colored athlete who has performed in Portland and is well known here, says he has a good team lined up . . . Of course, the new league is starting on a modest basis. However, he (Owens) emphasized that this is the beginning of regular colored Pacific Coast baseball.” The owners, each required to pay a $500 fee to join the league (that wasn’t enforced) decided on a 110-game schedule, although all clubs were allowed to book as many non-league games throughout North America as they desired. Saperstein immediately formulated plans for the Steelheads to play “home” games in Tacoma, Bremerton, Spokane and Bellingham to expose professional black baseball to the region. West Coast Negro League owners also opted, to save on expenses, to play a majority of their regular-season games in Pacific Coast League stadiums while the home teams were on the road. The Steelheads did not spring to life out of nowhere. Saperstein founded his baseball club in August of 1944 to compliment his Harlem Globetrotters basketball team, a competitive, serious operation at the time, and introduced it Aug. 6, 1944 in front of 4,000 onlookers at Sicks’ Stadium, who watched the bearded House of David sweep a doubleheader from the Globetrotter baseballers by identical 1-0 scores. The Globetrotters barnstormed throughout the Northwest for the remainder of that summer and in 1945 played in hundreds of U.S. cities, often accompanied by Owens, who put on running exhibitions during lulls in the games. He often ran against racehorses. After the formation of the West Coast Negro Baseball League, Saperstein’s Globetrotters, who had effectively merged with another barnstorming team, the Cincinnati Crescents (most famous player was Luke Easter), changed their name to “Seattle Steelheads” in order to help develop a local fan base. A few months after the Steelheads played their final game at Sicks’ Stadium in July, 1946, they reverted back to playing as the Harlem Globetrotters, reducing the “Seattle Steelheads” to a minor curiosity in the city’s long sporting history. The first league game took place in May 1946 between the Los Angeles White Sox and San Francisco Sea Lions at Seals Stadium. California governor Earl Warren, later Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, threw out the first pitch. Meanwhile, Oakland’s first game was held in Fresno. The Steelheads opened the 1946 season with a two-week road trip that began in El Paso, TX., against Owens’ Rosebuds. Seattle’s newspapers barely tracked the progress of the team as it played its way north to Seattle and largely ignored the Steelheads once they arrived for their first home game. Over the course of their two-month existence, the papers mainly recapped Steelheads games with a paragraph, sometimes two, frequently giving local bowling and tennis results more ink. The following Times paragraph, published June 2, 1946, “advanced” the first Steelheads game: “The Seattle Steelheads, local entry in the new West Coast Negro Baseball Association, make their home debut today at Sicks’ Stadium with a twin bill with the San Diego Tigers, starting at 1:30 o’clock. Mike (Red) Berry, former Kansas City Monarchs ace, and Al Sayler, bellweather of the Birmingham Black Barons in their championship years, will hurl for the Steelheads." This was the entire Times review of the Steelheads’ inaugural, played before a crowd of both black and white fans: “The Seattle Steelheads, members of the new Pacific Coast Negro Baseball League, made their home debut before 2,500 fans at Sicks’ Stadium yesterday, dividing a twin bill with the San Diego Tigers. The Tigers won the opener 8-7 with a three-run, eighth-inning rally that beat Mike (Red) Berry. Seattle grabbed the nightcap 3-0 behind Lafayette Washington’s four-hit hurling. The opener was held up a half hour as the Seattle team’s bus broke down in Salem, and the players had to taxi in from there.” Since neither The Times nor Seattle Post-Intelligencer ever wrote much more about the Steelheads than short recaps, the city’s baseball fans failed to receive much of an introduction to players such as manager/catcher Paul Hardy, second baseman/shortstop Sherwood “Woody” Brewer, first baseman Herb Simpson, catcher Everett “Ziggy” Marcel and outfielder Zell Miles, all long-time Negro League players. Berry, the losing pitcher in the Steelheads’ home opener, was one of the few rookies on the roster. Manager Hardy came to the club from the Chicago American Giants, signing to play with Seattle before receiving his official release from the Chicago club. As a result, the Negro American League banned its players from playing in Seattle. Born in 1923 and reared in Illinois, infielder Sherwood Brewer played for the Globetrotters, New York Cubans, Indianapolis Clowns and Kansas City Monarchs. A Negro League All-Star almost every season, Brewer later taught infield techniques to Jackie Robinson and Ernie Banks before they reached the major leagues. Brewer also briefly managed the Monarchs. Banks, who became a Hall of Fame shortstop, frequently credited Brewer with the success he enjoyed in the majors. Brewer had played military baseball prior to joining the Steelheads and later served during the Korean War. Brought up in New Orleans, first baseman Herb “Briefcase” Simpson came to the Steelheads after playing for the Black Barons. Later, he played for the Chicago American Giants, Spokane Indians, New Orleans Creoles and Harlem Globetrotters. Herb acquired the nickname “Briefcase” while barnstorming with outfielder/pitcher Harry “Suitcase” Simpson, so nicknamed because of the number of times he was traded. Everett “Ziggy” Marcel might have been the Steelheads’ best all-around athlete. He caught for the Kansas City Monarchs, Satchel Paige All-Stars, Homestead Grays, New York Black Yankees, Chicago American Giants, Baltimore Elite Giants, and Newark Eagles (see Wayback Machine: Satchel Paige In Seattle). The 6-foot-3 Marcel also played basketball for Saperstein’s Globetrotters (1941-44) and played end for the Los Angeles Bulldogs of the Pacific Coast Football League (1944) alongside Jackie Robinson. Vincent Lee “Nap” Gulley pitched (threw several no-hitters) and played the outfield for the Monarchs, Chicago American Giants, Black Barons and Cleveland Buckeyes before joining the Steelheads, and played for the Newark Eagles after the Steelheads folded. Ulysses “Hickey” Redd played shortstop for the Black Barons and Harlem Globetrotters. After his career ended in 1954 with the Chicago American Giants, he drove the team bus for the Globetrotters basketball team. According to the few articles available, one of the main reasons Steelheads players enjoyed playing in Seattle were the dozen or so jazz clubs on Jackson Street in the Chinatown district, the most famous of which was “The Black and Tan at 12th and Jackson. The club’s name came from the black, white and Asian patrons who frequented the place during its four decades of operation. Due to its reputation, the Black and Tan and the Black Elks Club, among others, drew in jazz greats such as Eubie Blake, Duke Ellington, Louis Jordan, Lena Horne, Ernestine Anderson, Ray Charles, Count Basie, Charlie Parker and a young Quincy Jones. According to author Heaphy, the Steelheads and Oakland Larks (one of the Oakland players was Lionel Wilson, who became the first and three-time black mayor of Oakland) were the only West Coast Negro League teams to turn a profit. In July of 1946, two months after the league’s launch, and with the rest of the clubs making little to no money, the West Coast Negro Baseball League began to unravel. Even the great Owens couldn’t sell enough tickets in Portland save the Rosebuds. When they disbanded, The Oregonian failed to take note of their demise. The Steelheads received this acknowledgement: “The Steelheads, Seattle entry in the Coast Negro League, will play here no more for a while as they found Middle Western exhibition games more profitable.” That sentence appeared at the bottom of an Alex Shults column in the Times July 19, 1946. Once the Steelheads evacuated Sicks’ Stadium in favor of more lucrative venues, they used their nickname until September when Saperstein reorganized the club as “Abe Saperstein’s Negro All-Stars,” which toured Hawaii with many former Steeleheads players on the roster. Two years after leaving Seattle, virtually the same team that operated as the Steelheads performed as the “Hawaiian All-Stars.” Seattle had one final exposure to the West Coast Negro Baseball League. In August of 1946, a little more than a month after the Steelheads left, the Oakland Larks and House of David met at Sicks’ Stadium for a three-game “barnstorming barnburner,” as the Post-Intelligencer referred to it. The House of David, originally formed in 1903 to represent a religious colony in Benton Harbor, MI, toured since the 1920s and claimed to have invented the game of pepper. House of David players were known for their flowing beards (considered part of their uniforms, according to the contracts they signed) and trick plays on the baseball diamond. When the House of David and Oakland played at Sicks’ Stadium Aug. 7, 1946, a crowd reportedly in excess of 12,000 fans watched. Ticket to the Steelheads’ first game at Sicks’ Stadium, against the San Diego Tigers. The “Steelies” split the Opening Day doubleheader. / David Eskenazi Collection What had seemed like a good idea in 1945 – bringing Negro baseball to the West Coast – had run its course by 1947. With the major leagues returning to full operation in the aftermath of World War II, interest in the Negro Leagues began to wane, especially after Jackie Robinson signed with the Brooklyn Dodgers and the major leagues began to integrate. Not many recall the Steelheads today, but the Seattle Mariners do. On Sept. 9, 1995, during a game with the Kansas City Royals, the Mariners staged “Tribute To The Negro Leagues Night” and saluted the 75th anniversary of the Negro Leagues by wearing throwback jerseys (Royals wore Monarchs jerseys, Mariners Steelhead jerseys) and giving away Negro League baseball hats to the fans. For the occasion, the Mariners invited to Seattle several former Negro League stars, including former Steelhead infielder Sherwood Brewer and Artie Wilson, who had played for the Birmingham Black Barons before helping integrate the Seattle Rainiers in 1952 (see Wayback Machine: Artie, Bob Cross The Line). The Mariners also introduced eight former Negro League players who were living in Seattle: Norris Phillips, James Allen and Earl “Woody” Woodson (Kansas City Monarchs); Sanford Barnes (St. Louis Blues); Jim Benton (Brooklyn Cuban Giants); Sonny McClendon (Detroit Stars); William Ponder (Fort Lauderdale Gray Sox) and Charlie White (Philadelphia Stars). Former Steelhead Brewer, who played with or saw most professional players, black and white, for most of the century, was asked to name the best. “The best hitter I ever saw was Ted Williams, followed by Josh Gibson,” Brewer told The Seattle Times. “The best ballplayer I ever saw was Willie Mays, followed by (CF) Oscar Charleston. Pete Reiser, if he hadn’t got hurt so much, he would have been right up there.” Many of the historic images published on Sports press Northwest are provided by resident Northwest sports history aficionado David Eskenazi.Check out David's Wayback Machine Archive. David can be reached at (206) 441-1900, or at seattlesportshistory@gmail.com

Walk through history with us! The Rainier Valley Historical Society is delighted to introduce a historic walking tour of the Columbia City Landmark District. Walk through history with us The Rainier Valley Historical Society is delighted to introduce a historic walking tour of the Columbia City Landmark District. This immersive experience guides participants through 26 significant sites within the district, providing captivating insights through historical photos and detailed information about each location. To enhance your exploration, utilize the interactive digital map provided below for seamless navigation. Alternatively, you may download and print a copy of the map for your convenience. printable map digital map

Join our team of volunteers who help us process archives, develop programming, and host events. Volunteer Form RVHS has collected, preserved, and shared the stories of Rainier Valley since 1891. Our volunteers are essential partners in this effort. First Name Last Name Email Availability 1 day a week 1 day a month Occasionally What are you interested in helping with? Archiving Events Office hours Special projects Tell us a little bit about yourself and your interests SUBMIT Thanks for your interest! We'll get back to you shortly.

Step into the past with our captivating photo essays. Photo Essays The Rainier Valley Historical Society has curated captivating photo essays that illustrate the rich heritage and evolution of our culturally diverse neighborhood.